Here are the types of testicular cancer are classified based on the type of cancer cells, namely:
- Testicular germ cell cancer (Germ Cell). Type of testicular cancer the most common., About 95 percent of all cases. Germ-cell is a type of cell that the body uses to form sperm. This type of testicular cancer is divided into two types, namely seminoma (growth and spread slowly) and nonseminoma (growth and rapid deployment).
- Lymphoma. The type of cancer that appeared about 4 percent of the overall cases of testicular appear.
- Leydig cell tumors. The type of cancer that appear about 1-3 percent of all testicular cancer cases.
- Sertoli cell tumors. The type of cancer that appears about 1 percent of all cases of testicular cancer.
- Lump or swelling in one testicle. This is the most common symptom caused by testicular cancer. Lumps and swelling can be with or without pain.
- A sharp pain or soreness in the testicles and scrotum. This flavor can come and go.
- You will feel heavy scrotum.
- You will feel tired and the body was not healthy.
- Accumulation of fluid in the scrotum.
Lumps on testes in most cases caused by swelling of blood vessels or varicocele. But if indeed a lump or swelling caused by cancer, early treatment can increase the likelihood of recovery.
Spread of cancer to other parts of the body known as metastatic, can also occur in testicular cancer. If this condition occurs, then the other symptoms will also appear.
Typically, testicular cancer will spread to the lymph nodes (glands that produce the body's immune system) in the vicinity, and could spread to the abdomen or stomach and lungs. But this cancer can also spread to the liver, bones and brain, though rarely happens. Symptoms of cancer that has metastasized, among others:
- A cough that lasts longer
- Bleeding cough
- Swelling or enlargement of the male breast
- Lower back pain
- Lump or swelling of the neck
- Hard to breathe
Although not clear the cause of testicular cancer, the following are some factors that can increase a person's risk of testicular cancer.
- Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism). Testicular formed in the abdomen and usually descend into the scrotum after the baby boy was born or the first year of life. In case of anomaly, undescended testicles. The medical term for this condition is undescended testicles or cryptorchidism.
- Handling can be done is the surgical procedure. If surgery is done before the child was 13 years old, then the possibility for him to experience testicular cancer will be increased by two-fold. However, when the operation is performed after the age of 13 years, the risk increased five times compared to the normal population.
- Never had testicular cancer. For men who already had experienced testicular cancer are advised to carry out further examination after treatment. They are 12 times more likely to experience it again on the other side of the testis.
- Family health history. If there is a family member, such as a father and brother of men who have testicular cancer, the better the chance you have this condition will also increase.
- Age. Testicular cancer is more likely to occur at the age of 15-49 years with the cases occurred in men aged 30-34 years. Still, it is possible to appear at any age.
- Race. Testicular cancer is more likely to occur in men in whites than blacks.
- Smoke. People who smoke actively in the long term risk doubled with testicular cancer.
- HIV and AIDS. People with the condition that attacks the human immune system is also prone to testicular cancer.
- Height. Based on research in 2008, the height of a man affect the chances of someone having testicular cancer. The higher a man, chances are experiencing testicular cancer grew, and vice versa as well. Based on these studies, the link between height with risk of cancer may be motivated by factors of food consumed. Tall child may be more high-calorie foods when the growth period, there are possible side effects of these foods will increase the risk of testicular cancer.
- Abnormal testicular growth. Conditions such as Klinefelter's syndrome can cause the testicles can not develop normally and increase your risk of developing testicular cancer.
Although not all lumps that appear in cancerous testicle, you should consult the peculiarity experienced because of testicular cancer treatment will be more effective if carried out since early diagnosis. The following diagnostic steps to be performed by a physician.
- Physical examination. The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history and examine the condition of the testicles directly in this procedure.
- Ultrasound of the scrotum. This procedure uses high frequency sound waves to produce a picture of the anatomy of your testicles. This step is not painful and is the main way to determine whether a lump is cancerous malignant or benign.
- Blood tests. This test can be performed to confirm the diagnosis of testicular cancer because there are certain hormones in your blood that acts as a 'marker'. If you are suffering from testicular cancer, you will produce 'tumor markers and can be known with a blood test. These markers include AFP (alpha fetoprotein), HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenate). Although the results of your test normal, it does not mean you are not suffering from testicular cancer. Because not all testicular cancers produce this hormone.
- Biopsy. This procedure is used to ensure testicular cancer by taking a sample of cells from tumors to be examined in the laboratory. In most cases, the safe way to biopsy is to raise the overall contracted testicular cancer because of the risk of spread is very high. Removal of the testes (known as orchidectomy) will only be done if the cancerous lump was confirmed.
- Other tests. Other tests may be needed to check the spread of cancer that has happened. Chest X-ray imaging, MRI, or CT scan will be performed to find out.
- T determines the size of the tumor.
- N determine whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes or to the surroundings.
- M determine whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
- Stage 1. Cancer is still in the testes alone.
- Stage 2. The cancer had already spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen and pelvis.
- Stage 3 cancer spread to lymph nodes in the upper chest.
- Stage 4. The cancer had already spread to other organs, like the lungs.
Treatment of testicular cancer depends on the type (seminoma or nonseminoma) and phase or stage of cancer experienced. But in any case of testicular cancer, the first treatment procedure is performed in general is the removal of the cancerous testicle or known as orchidectomy.
After surgical removal of the testicles, you may be advised to do chemotherapy to prevent the re-emergence of cancer. And sometimes you would be well advised radiotherapy if necessary. Further surgery would be required if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or to other organs.
Here are the steps in the treatment of testicular cancer:
- Orchidectomy. This is the surgical removal of the testes procedure as a whole to prevent the spread of cancer. This procedure will not interfere with your sex life or ability to have children if only one testicle cancer. If both testes should be removed due to cancer, then you can store sperm in the future if you still want to have children. But this is no sperm storage in Indonesia because it is still considered to be contrary to the norms and cultural values in the country.
- Testosterone Replacement Therapy. Removal of both testes also affects the cessation of the production of the hormone testosterone. As a result, your sexual desire or libido is low and you are not able to maintain or achieve an erection. To overcome this you will be given testosterone replacement therapy for the provision of synthetic testosterone. The side effects of testosterone administration are oily skin and can cause acne, swelling of the chest (breast), or disorders of urination.
- Lymph node surgery. Testicular cancer is already quite advanced is usually already spread to the lymph nodes in the vicinity, so it may require surgery.
- Radiotherapy. This procedure is used to destroy cancer cells by using a beam of high-energy radiation. This technique is also used to treat testicular cancer is seminoma to prevent the cancer does not reappear. The side effects of this treatment include nausea, diarrhea, fatigue, skin rash, and pain as a result of sunburn).
- Chemotherapy. This procedure uses anticancer drugs to kill cells that are malignant in the body does not escalate. This procedure also helps prevent the cancer does not come back again. Note that this technique can also attack healthy cells and normal human body, so the side effects of chemotherapy itself can vary. The most common side effects occur are hair loss, nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath, are prone to infections, or numbness and tingling in the hands and feet. These side effects are usually temporary.
- For men who are undergoing chemotherapy, it is not advisable to impregnate their wife or partner because chemotherapy drugs can damage the sperm and increase the risk of having a child with birth defects. Be sure to use condoms during sexual intercourse during the first two days after undergoing chemotherapy. It aims to avoid the harmful effects of sperm to the couple.
- Further examination (controls). People who recover from cancer have a risk of the cancer will come back again. Typically, the cancer coming back within the first two years after treatment is completed. You can perform examinations and tests regularly to monitor whether the cancer coming back. Tests and examinations in question is a physical examination, blood tests, chest X-ray and CT scan. This is done so in a state of cancer coming back, it can be diagnosed early so the chances of treatment success will also increase.
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